Métodos
Brainstorming
Hechos:
- También llamada: Pensamiento Creativo, lluvia de ideas, pensamiento lateral.
- Etapas del Proceso: Todas
Brainstorming es un proceso individual o grupal para generar ideas o soluciones altenativas sobre un tema específico. Un buen brainstorming está enfocado en la cantidad y creatividad de las ideas: la calidad de las ideas tiene menor importancia que una fuerte cantidad. Después de que las ideas son generadas, son a menudo agrupadas en categorías y priorizadas para una subsiguiente investigación o aplicación.
- Descripción Básica
- Cómo
- Consideraciones especiales
Resultados e Informes
Los resultados de un brainstorming son:
- Una lista de ideas o soluciones relacionada con un poblema en particular.
- Ideas y soluciones organizadas en grupos
- Alguna forma de ordenación basada en atributos como costes y viabilidad.
Beneficios, Ventajas y Desventajas
Beneficios
- Muchas ideas pueden ser generadas en poco tiempo.
- Requiere pocos recursos materiales.
- Los resultados pueden ser usados inmediatamente o "guardados" para su posible uso en otros proyectos.
Ventajas
- Es una manera "democrática" de generar ideas (contando con un buen facilitador).
- Es una forma útil de pasar sobre bloques de "diseño" que tienen un lento desarrollo.
- El concepto de brainstorming es fácil de entender.
Desventajas
- Requiere un facilitador con experiencia y sensible. Alguien que entienda la psicología social de pequeños grupos.
- Requiere más dedicación a la cantidad que a la calidad.
- Puede ser caótico e intimidante para quienes sean introvertidos.
- Puede no resultar apropiado para algunos negocios o culturas internacionales.
Read More About It
Originators/Popularizers
Osborn, A. F. (1963). Applied imagination: Principles and procedures of creative problem-solving (Third Revised Edition).
Paulus, P. B., & Brown, V. R. (2003). Enhancing ideational creativity in groups: Lessons from research on brainstorming. In P. B. Paulus & B. A. Nijstad (Eds.), Group Creativity: Innovation Through Collaboration (pp. 110-136).
Authoritative References
Osborn, A. F. (1963). Applied imagination: Principles and procedures of creative problem-solving (Third Revised Edition).
Paulus, P. B., &Nikstad, B. A. (Eds.) (2003) Group Creativity: Innovation Through Collaboration (pp. 110-136).
Published Studies
Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups.
Milliken, F. J., Bartel, C. A., & Kurtzberg, T. R. (2003). Diversity and creativity and work groups: A dynamic perspective on the affective and cognitive processes that link diversity and performance. In P. B. Paulus and B. A. Nikstad (Eds.). Group Creativity: Innovation through collaboration.
Paulus, P. B., & Dzindolet, M. T. (1993). Social influence processes in group brainstorming: The illusion of group productivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 575-586.
Related Subjects
- Brainwriting: Brainwriting is the generation of ideas by writing them down on sheets of paper and passing them to other members of a group who then add their ideas. There is no verbal component to the brainwriting process.
- Nominal Group Technique: In this variation of traditional brainstorming (and brainwriting), participants are given a topic or question and asked to write down ideas or solutions privately. The ideas are then listed on a board by going around the table and having each person read out their new ideas. When all ideas are listed publicly, the facilitator asks if any clarification is needed. If clarification is needed, the person who proposed the idea has 10-30 seconds to explain (but not defend the idea). After everyone understands all the ideas, the participants vote on the ideas using a secret ballot. This method is designed to remove social pressure from participants.
- Braindrawing: Braindrawing is a technique for gathering visual design ideas from a group. There are several variations, but the general approach is to ask everyone in the group to start sketching out ideas related to a design question. After a short time the ideas are handed to someone else who then adds or modifies the previous sketch. After several rounds, the sketches are collected and posted on a table or wall (or computer screen). The facilitator then reviews the sketches with the group and good ideas and comments are recorded.
- Video brainstorming: Participants use various prototyping components to "act out" possible interaction scenarios with a product. The scenarios are videotaped.
- Posting: In posting, an idea is written down along with two columns labeled "Advantages" and "Disadvantages". The group then brainstorms the advantages and disadvantages.